ABSTRACT
Background Interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) is a strong predictor of decline in kidney function. Non-invasive test to assess IFTA is not available.
Methods We trained, validated and tested a deep learning (DL) system to classify IFTA grade from 6,135 ultrasound images obtained from 352 patients who underwent kidney biopsy. Of 6,135 ultrasound images, 5,523 were used for training (n = 5,122) and validation (n = 401) and 612 to test the accuracy of the DL system. IFTA grade scored by nephropathologist on trichrome stained kidney biopsy slide was used as reference standard.
Results There were 159 patients (2,701 ultrasound images), 74 patients (1,239 ultrasound images), 41 patients (701 ultrasound images) and 78 patients (1,494 ultrasound images) with IFTA grades 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The deep-learning classification system used masked images based on a 91% accurate kidney segmentation routine. The performance matrices for the deep learning classifier algorithm in the validation set showed excellent precision (90%), recall (76%), accuracy (84%) and F1-score (80%). In the independent test set also, performance matrices showed excellent precision (90%), recall (80%), accuracy (87%) and F1-score of (84%). Accuracy was highest for IFTA grade 1 (98%) and IFTA grade 4 (82%).
Conclusion A DL system can accurately predict IFTA from kidney ultrasound image.
Competing Interest Statement
The authors have declared no competing interest.
Funding Statement
We acknowledge funding support from the Hektoen institute of Medicine, Chicago, IL for this study.
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The study was approved by institutional review board at Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, USA.
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The Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, the Sergey Brin Family Foundation, California Institute of Technology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Imperial College London, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, University of Washington, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
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