A medical worker at the intensive care ward of Moscow’s K+31 private hospital, which switched entirely to treating coronavirus patients on Monday. (Dimitar Dilkoff/AFP/Getty Images)

Moscow — When a Russian intensive care doctor spoke out last month about the lack of protective gear and ventilators, she was summoned by police and threatened with charges for spreading "fake news," an offense that carries up to five years in prison.

Russia’s hierarchy of fear — from the president down to head doctors in hospitals — appears to be stepping up its intimidation against anyone speaking out about shortages and infections in health-care ranks as the coronavirus pandemic expands across the country.